Renaissance in England
Renaissance in England. Features and periodization of the Renaissance. In the XVI century. England experienced a complete revolution in all areas of economic and social life, turning it from a feudal country into a classical one. For this period, and in England there is an extraordinary flourishing in all areas of thought and creativity.
Rapid capitalist development has resulted in the fact that along with the growing wealth of the ruling classes, the poverty of the people, ruined in the countryside and brutally exploited in the city, has sharply increased. Vagrancy, poverty, against which harsh laws were issued, grew; in the village there were rebellions of the poor who fought for the land and their lost rights.
The revival in England, capturing more than a century of time, passed several stages in its development.
1) The early period coincided with the Reformation, although it had deep national roots, but accomplished here “from above,” by a government decree of Henry VIII (1534). This determined the important features of English humanism. Questions of religion and church life for the early English humanists played a large role.
2) In the second period of the English Renaissance, the situation changes. By destroying the political and economic power of the church, the royal power undermined both its authority and its strong ideological influence. The reformation of Henry VIII made it easier for subsequent generations of English humanists to fight for secular culture against ecclesiastical culture.
3) The greatest flourishing of the ideas of the Renaissance occurred in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603), which was at the same time a remarkable upswing in the colonial and commercial power of the country. During this period, England absorbs all the wealth of European humanistic culture. In England, numerous works of Italian, French and Spanish writers are translated, the scientific and philosophical movement is widely deployed, culminating in the emergence at the end of the century of the materialistic philosophical system of Francis Bacon. Fiction is gaining momentum. A brilliant pleiad of lyric poets flourishes, other poets create epic poems. The English novel is developing rapidly: knightly, shepherd, adventurous and real-life; there is a rich drama with Shakespeare at the head.
Representatives: Thomas More "Utopia", William Langland, Shakespeare ("Hamlet", "King Lear", "Romeo and Juliet").
Rapid capitalist development has resulted in the fact that along with the growing wealth of the ruling classes, the poverty of the people, ruined in the countryside and brutally exploited in the city, has sharply increased. Vagrancy, poverty, against which harsh laws were issued, grew; in the village there were rebellions of the poor who fought for the land and their lost rights.
The revival in England, capturing more than a century of time, passed several stages in its development.
1) The early period coincided with the Reformation, although it had deep national roots, but accomplished here “from above,” by a government decree of Henry VIII (1534). This determined the important features of English humanism. Questions of religion and church life for the early English humanists played a large role.2) In the second period of the English Renaissance, the situation changes. By destroying the political and economic power of the church, the royal power undermined both its authority and its strong ideological influence. The reformation of Henry VIII made it easier for subsequent generations of English humanists to fight for secular culture against ecclesiastical culture.
3) The greatest flourishing of the ideas of the Renaissance occurred in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603), which was at the same time a remarkable upswing in the colonial and commercial power of the country. During this period, England absorbs all the wealth of European humanistic culture. In England, numerous works of Italian, French and Spanish writers are translated, the scientific and philosophical movement is widely deployed, culminating in the emergence at the end of the century of the materialistic philosophical system of Francis Bacon. Fiction is gaining momentum. A brilliant pleiad of lyric poets flourishes, other poets create epic poems. The English novel is developing rapidly: knightly, shepherd, adventurous and real-life; there is a rich drama with Shakespeare at the head.
Representatives: Thomas More "Utopia", William Langland, Shakespeare ("Hamlet", "King Lear", "Romeo and Juliet").
Возрождение в Англии.Особенности и периодизация Возрождения. В XVI в. Англия пережила полный переворот во всех областях экономической и социальной жизни, превратившей ее из страны феодальной в классическую. На этот период и приходится в Англии необычайный расцвет во всех областях мысли и творчества.
Быстрое капиталистическое развитие имело результатом то, что наряду с растущим богатством господствующих классов резко увеличилась бедность народа, разоряемого в деревне и жестоко эксплуатируемого в городе. Росли бродяжничество, нищенство, против которых издавались суровые законы; в деревне вспыхивали восстания бедняков, боровшихся за землю и свои утраченные права.
Возрождение в Англии, захватив более чем столетний промежуток времени, прошло несколько этапов в своем развитии.
1) Ранний период совпал с Реформацией, хотя и имевший глубокие народные корни, но свершившейся здесь «сверху», правительственным указом Генриха VIII (1534). Это определило важные особенности английского гуманизма. Вопросы религии и церковной жизни для ранних английских гуманистов играли большую роль.
2) Во второй период английского Возрождения положение изменяется. Уничтожая политическое и экономическое могущество церкви, королевская власть подрывала и ее авторитет, и ее сильное идейное влияние. Реформация Генриха VIII облегчила последующим поколениям английских гуманистов борьбу за светскую культуру против культуры церковной.
3) Наибольший расцвет идей Возрождения приходится в Англии на период царствования королевы Елизаветы (1558 – 1603), который был вместе с тем порой замечательного подъема колониального и торгового могущества страны. В этот период Англия вбирает в себя все богатства европейской гуманистической культуры. В Англии переводят многочисленные произведения итальянских, французских и испанских писателей, широко развертывается научно-философское движение, завершающееся появлением в конце века материалистической философской системы Фрэнсиса Бэкона. Широкое развитие получает художественная литература. Расцветает блестящая плеяда лирических поэтов, другие поэты создают эпические поэмы. Быстро развивается английский роман: рыцарский, пастушеский, авантюрный и реально-бытовой; возникает богатейшая драматургия с Шекспиром во главе.
Представители: Томас Мор «Утопия», Уильям Ленгленд, Шекспир («Гамлет», «Король Лир», «Ромео и Джульетта»).
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